Л. К. Антипова

L. Antipova. Hay yield of alfalfa varieties depending on weather conditions and the application of the growth-regulating drug Emistim C

web-mnau

UDC 633.311: 631.8

 

L. Antipova 

 

The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of the plant growth regulator Emistim C on the hay yield of alfalfa varieties in the dry Black Sea Steppe zone.
Materials and methods of research. The studies were conducted during 2014-2016 at the Mykolayiv National Agrarian University. The following varieties of alfalfa were sown in early spring without applying coverless varieties: Nadezhda (control), Vinnichanka, Regina, Sinyukha. The counts and observations in the experiments were carried out according to generally accepted methods.
Research results. It was established that the duration of the sowing-seedling period was 25-26 days when sowing with untreated seeds, and when treating seeds with Emistim C it decreased to 22-24 days. The duration of interphase periods of plant growth and development was adjusted both by the use of Emistim C and by weather conditions. Field germination also varied depending on the alfalfa variety and the seed treatment with Emistim C. In the control variant (Nadezhda), this indicator was 49.5%, while in the Regina variety, compared to other varieties under study, it was the highest (50.9%). Significant improvement in field germination was observed in crops treated with Emistim C: 58.9-60.8% of plants sprouted. With regard to the reaction of the varieties to the indicated drug, the indicator for the Nadezhda variety increased against the control (the corresponding variety without seed treatment) by 19.0%, Sinyukha by 17.5%, Regina by 18.7%, and Vinnichanka by 20.6%. Alfalfa productivity in the first year of life, on average across varieties, increased as a result of the use of Emistim C for seed treatment from 2.29 to 2.56 t / ha, or by 11.8%. There was no significant difference between the studied varieties in terms of hay yield. Thanks to seed treatment with Emistim C, this indicator increased by 0.27 t / ha, or 11.8% against the control (cultivar Nadezhda), by 9.5% in the cultivar Vinnichanka, and by 14.8% in the cultivar Regina. Among the varieties, the increase in hay yield ranged from 2.23 to 2.50 t / ha for Vinnichanka, from 2.36 to 2.62 t / ha for Regina, and from 2.30 to 2.55 t / ha for Sinyukha.
Conclusions. Weather conditions and seed treatment with Emistim C significantly affect the formation of alfalfa productivity in hay. There was no significant difference in yield between the studied varieties. The duration of the sowing-seedling period during seed treatment with Emistim C, depending on the variety, decreased by 2-3 days. At the same time, stress for alfalfa plants of high temperatures decreased, which extended the growing season by 1-3 days. The field germination of alfalfa varieties increased from 17.5% (Sinyukha) to 20.6% (Vinnichanka). When sowing with untreated seeds, the yield of hay of the grade Nadezhda (control) was 2.28 t / ha. Thanks to seed treatment, this indicator increased by 11.8%. In relation to varieties, the increase in the yield of hay from Vinnichanka was 12.1%, Regina 11.0%, and Sinyukha 10.9%.

Key words: alfalfa, hay, weather conditions, plant growth-regulator Emistim C, variety, yield.

References:

  1. Sil’s’ke hospodarstvo Ukrayiny za 2018 r.: statystychnyy zbirnyk – elektronna versiya. URL : www.ukrstat.gov.ua.
  2. Antypova L. K. (2015) Travy na Pivdni Ukrayiny: problemy i shlyakhy yikh podolannya. Visnyk ahrarnoyi nauky Prychornomor”ya : nauk.-teoretych. fakhovyy zhurnal. Mykolayiv. Vol. 4 (87). pp. 102-110.
  3. Hetman N. Ya., Tsyhans’kyy V. I. (2014) Kormova produktyvnist’ lyutserny posivnoyi (Medicago sativa L.) zalezhno vid elementiv tekhnolohiyi vyroshchuvannya v umovakh pravoberezhnoho Lisostepu Ukrayiny. Black Sea Scientific Journal of Academic Research. Agriculture, Agronomy & Forestry Sciences. Tbilisi, Georgia 2014. September-October. Volume 16. Issue 09. pp. 15-19.
  4. Petrychenko V. F. (2012) Aktual’ni problemy kormovyrobnytstva v Ukrayini. Ahronom. # 3. pp. 196-198.
  5. Arzhanukhyna E. V., Nykyshanov A. N., Ovchynnykov A. B. (2016) Vlyyanye temperaturу y rezhyma oroshenyya na pryrost zelenoy massу lyutsernу v uslovyyakh Saratovskoho Zavolzh’ya. Mater. V mezhd. nauchno-prakt. konf. «Osnovу ratsyonal’noho pryrodopol’zovanyya», Saratovskyy HAU (15-16 april 2016, Saratov). Saratov. pp. 133-137.
  6. Tsurkan N. V., Antypova L. K. (2015) Еkonomyko-еnerhetycheskaya еffektyvnost’ proyzvodstva produktsyy mnoholetnykh trav na oroshaemуkh zemlyakh yuha Ukraynу. Puty povуshenyya еffektyvnosty oroshaemoho zemledelyya: nauchno-prakt. zhurnal. Novocherkassk. Vol. 1(57). pp. 169-173.
  7. Kovtun K. P., Veklenko Yu. A., Kopayhorods’kyy V. M., Bezvuhlyak L. I., Onyshchenko M. A. (2013) Formuvannya produktyvnosti lyutserny posivnoyi pry riznykh sposobakh udobrennya ta inokulyatsiyi v umovakh Lisostepu pravoberezhnoho. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. Vol. 76. pp. 188-194.
  8. Stepanchenko V. M. (2011) Vplyv bakterial’noho preparatu ta rehulyatora rostu roslyn na produktyvnist’ bahatorichnykh trav. Naukovi dopovidi NUBiP. Vol. 4 (26). URL: http://nd.nubip.edu.ua/2011_4/11svm.pdf.
  9. Maksimov A. M., Polishchuk I. S. (2012) Efektyvnist’ vykorystannya biostymulyatoriv rostu roslyn novoho pokolinnya pry vyroshchuvanni lyutserny posivnoyi. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats’ VNAU. # 63. Vyp.4. p. 28-34.
  10. Anishyn L. I. (2010) Ukrayins’ki biostymulyatory rostu zavoyovuyut’ svitove vyznannya. Ahroperspektyva. # 2. p. 68-69.
  11. Kots’ S. Ya. (2011) Suchasnyy stan doslidzhen’ biolohichnoyi fiksatsiyi azotu. Fyzyolohyya y byokhymyya kul’turnуkh rastenyy. T. 43. # 3. p. 212–225.
  12. Bushulyan O. V., Lutonina M. M., Holub M. A. (2012) Lyutserna v stepu na sukhodoli. Nasinnytstvo. # 3. p. 7-12.
  13. Artyushchenko A. N., Rutor H. A., Horkovenko L. H. [y dr.]. (2006) Zavysymost’ rosta, razvytyya y urozhaynosty lyutsernу vtoroho hoda zhyzny ot prymenenyya byopreparatov y myneral’nуkh udobrenyy pry podpokrovnom poseve. Trudу KubHAU. Vol. 425. pp. 228-234.
  14. Kuznetsov Y. Yu., Samyhullyeva A. S. (2014) Vlyyanye srokov skashyvanyya na kormovuyu tsennost’ zelenoy massу lyutsernу. Mater. mezhd. nauch.-prakt. konf. «Perspektyvу ynnovatsyonnoho razvytyya APK» v ramkakh XKhIV mezhd. spets. vуstavky «Ahrokompleks–2014». 11-13 march 2014. Ufa : Bashkyrskyy HAU. pp. 64-67.
  15. Antypova L. K. (1999) Biostymulyatory dlya lyutserny. Zakhyst roslyn. K. # 1. p. 14.
  16. Ponomarenko S. P. (1998) Shlyakh do ekolohichno chystoyi syrovyny dlya vyhotovlennya produktiv dytyachoho kharchuvannya. Zakhyst roslyn. K. : Ahrarna nauka. # 4. p. 21.
  17. Dospekhov B. A. (1985) Metodyka polevoho opуta, 5-e yzd., dop. y pererab. M. : Ahropromyzdat. 351 p.
  18. Babycha A. O. (1994) Metodyka provedennya doslidiv po kormovyrobnytstvu ; za red. A. O. Babycha. Vinnytsya. 96 p.
  19. Yeshchenko V. O., Kopytko P. H., Opryshko V. P., Kostohryz P. V. (2005) Osnovy naukovykh doslidzhen’ v ahronomiyi / za red. V. O. Yeshchenka. K. : Diya. 288 p.
  20. Demydas H. I. (2013) Bahatorichni bobovi travy yak osnova pryrodnoyi intensyfikatsiyi kormovyrobnytstva / [H. I. Demydas’, H. P. Kvitko, O. P. Tkachuk ta in.]; za red. prof. H. I. Demydasya, H. P. Kvitka. – K. : Nilan-LTD. 322 p.
  21. Antoniv S. F., Kolisnyk S. I, Konoval’chuk V. V., Zapruta O. A., Klochanyuk A. V. Vplyv rehulyatora rostu roslyn Medaks Top na nasinnyevu produktyvnist’ stokolosu bezostoho. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. 2018. Vol. 85. p. 41-48.

 

Ways to increase the survival rate of sweet sorghum plants in the conditions of Southern Step in Ukraine

web-mnau

UDC 633.17(477/7)

DOI: 10.31521/2313-092X/2019-2(102)-8

 

A. Chernova
O. Kovalenko
M. Korkhova
L. Antipova

 

        The article presents an analysis of the data on the effect of the studied factors on the growth and development of plants obtained in the phase of full ripeness of the grain. The varieties had a minimum survival rate of 74,9% in the Silo 700D and 77,1% in the Favorite, and in the Honey Hybrid – 78,5% and Troistiy – 77,6%, respectively. Plant survival during the period of full ripeness was significantly different depending on both the variety and the hybrid, and from other factors under study. This is due to the morpho-biological and physiological characteristics of varieties and hybrids, which contributed to better growth and development of plants, and ultimately led to an improvement in the photosynthetic apparatus of plants, which forms the productivity of the studied plants. The highest survival rates were noted with a planting density of 70 thousand units / ha in the variety Favorite and hybrids Honey with Troistiy. Thus, Honey hybrid in the control plots this indicator changed from 80,1 with a seeding density of 70 thousand units/ha to 78,7% with a planting density of 160 thousand units/ha, respectively. Only the variety Silo 700 D in variants without processing of plants with biopreparations and microfertilizers and seeding density 70, 130 and 160 thousand pcs/ha, the survival rate of plants was slightly lower compared with the control standing density of 100 thousand pcs/ha. The using for plants processing of Biocomplex-BTU and Kvantum microfertilizers contributed to an increase in survival rates for all varieties and hybrids. Thus, the variety Favorit, with a planting density 70 thousand pieces /ha, the survival rate of plants under the action of a biological preparations increased by 1,7%, a mix of microfertilizers – by 3,1%, a joint processing with a mix of preparations – on 3 times, compared with the control variant.

         Keywords: sweet sorghum, varieties and hybrids, seeding rate, biopreparations and microfertilizers, plant density and plant survival.

References

  1. Aldoshin, A. Samoylenko, A., Fedorenko, E., Yalanskiy, A., Cherenkova, T. (2013). Features of seedling sorghum crops. Byuleten Institutu silskogo gospodarstva stepovoyi zoni NAAN UkraYini, 5. Available at: http://www.institut-zerna.com/library/pdf5/23.pdf (accessed 5 March 2019).
  2. Obayan, A., Kolomiets, N. (2006). Sorghum – profitable culture. Zemledelie, 4, 31.
  3. Zemlyanov, V., Smilovenko, A. (2011). The role of sugar sorghum in the stabilization of fodder production in the Don. Kormoproizvodstvo, 1. 32-33.
  4. Gerasimenko, L. (2017). Prospects for growing sorghum in Ukraine. Zbirnik nauk. prats «Aktualni pitannya suchasnih tehnologIy viroschuvannya silskogospodarskih kultur v umovah zmin klimatu» vseukr. nauk.-prakt. konf. [“Topical issues of modern technologies of growing crops in conditions of climate change”: Collection of scientific works of the All-Ukrainian scientific and practical conference]. Ternopil, 69.
  5. Petrichuk, L. (2015). Agrobiologichni osnovi formuvannya visokoproduktivnih agrofitotsenoziv silosnih kultur v umovah Pivdennogo Stepu. Avtoref, Diss. [Agrobiological bases of formation of highly productive agrophytocenoses of silage crops in the conditions of Southern Steppe. Avtoref, Diss.]. Herson, 18.
  6. Kurilo, V., Grigorenko, N., Marchuk, O., Funina, I. (2013). Productivity of Sorghum Saccharum (L.) Pers.) depending on varietal characteristics and different density of plants standing. Sortovivchennya ta ohorona prav na sorti roslin [Variety study and protection of rights to plant varieties], 3, 8-12.
  7. Cherenkov, A., Shevchenko, M., Dzyubetskiy, B. (2011). Cereals: technology, use, hybrids and varieties: recommendations. Dnipropetrovsk : Royal Print, 63.
  8. Storozhik L., Budovskiy M. (2016). Productivity of sugar sorghum as a source of biofuel production in compatible crops with other crops. Tsukrovi buryaki [Sugar beets], 2. 7-11.
  9. Voskobulova, N., (2003). Sovershenstvovanie tehnologicheskih priemov vyiraschivaniya saharnogo sorgo v stepnoy zone Orenburgskogo Preduralya. Kand. Diss. [Improvement of technological methods of cultivating sugar sorghum in the steppe zone of the Orenburg Preurals. Kand. Diss.]. Orenburg, 149.
  10. Karakalchev A., Rahimbekov T., Makarov V., Rusakov P. (1985). Sorgo in the desert. Kukuruza i sorgo. [Corn and Sorghum], 4, 24-25.
  11. Pigorev, I., Ishkov, I. Survival and conservation of sorghum plants under forest conditions. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vyzhivaemost-i-sohrannost-rasteniy-sorgo-v-usloviyah-lesostepi. (accessed 5 March 2019).
  12. Rozhkov, A., Sviridova, L. (2017). Polova shozhIst nasInnya I vizhivannya roslin sorgo zernovogo zalezhno vId vplivu normi visIvu ta sposobu sIvbi. Visnik HNAU [Bulletin KhNAU], 1, 99-109. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Vkhnau_roslyn_2017_1_14. (accessed 5 March 2019).
  13. Grabovskiy, M., Fedoruk, Yu., Pravdiva, L., Grabovska, T. (2018). Having absorbed the living space of the Roslin sorghum of the tsukrovy and kukurudzi on īх ріст, rozvitok that yields greenness of the masses in the sum of the villages. Naukovi dopovidi NUBIP Ukrayini [Scientific reports of NUBiP of Ukraine], 5 (75), 14-16. Available at: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/420720.pdf (accessed 5 March 2019).
  14. Marchuk, O. (2015). Produktivnist sorgo tsukrovogo zalezhno vid elementiv tehnologiyi viroschuvannya. Diss. kand. s.-g nauk [Productivity of sugar sorghum depending on elements of cultivation technology. PhD. Diss.]. Kiev, 22.
  15. Derzhavniy reestr sortIv roslin pridatnih dlya poshirennya v UkraYinI u 2013 rotsI. [The State Register of Plant Varieties is suitable for distribution in Ukraine in 2013]. Kiev, 2013, 495.
  16. Eschenko, V., Kopitko, P., Kostogriz, P., Oprishko, V. (2014). Osnovi naukovih doslidzhen v agronomiyi [Fundamentals of scientific research in agronomy]. Vinnitsya, Edelweiss and K. Publ, 332.
  17. Lebid, E., Dzyubetskiy, B., Cherenkov, A. (2006). Sorgo v Prisivashii [Sorghum in Presivashye]. Dnipropetrovsk, 29.
  18. Sluzhba derzhavnoyi statistiki Ukrayini [State Statistics Service of Ukraine]. Available at: https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua (accessed 5 March 2019).
  19. Kurilo, V., Grigorenko, N., Marchuk, (2013). O. Influence of varietal features and norms of introduced fertilizers on phenological parameters and productivity of sugar sorghum plants. Tsukrovi buryaki [Sugar beets], 4 (94), 13–14.
  20. Kovalenko, O., Chernova, A. (2018). The influence of seeding rates, biopreparations and microfertilizers on the formation of plant height of sweet sorghum varieties and hybrids under the conditions of the south of Ukraine. Tavriyskiy naukoviy visnik : Naukoviy zhurnal [Taurian Scientific Journal: Scientific Journal]. Herson: Vidavnichiy dIm «Gelvetika», 101, 54-62.

L. K. Antipova, N.V. Tsurkan, A.M. Adamovics, L.A. Poisa. Perennial grasses are an important component of ecological farming and feed production.

web-mnau

UDC 633.2: 631.147: 636.085

DOI: 10.31521/2313-092X/2018-4(100)-5

L. Antipova
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2609-0801
N. Tsurkan
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0732-5938
A. Adamovics
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1725-4421
L. Poisa

Formulation of the problem. One of the factors contributing to the greening of farming is the cultivation of perennial grasses, therefore conducting research to determine the state of their development is relevant.

Research results. It has been established that in the meter (0-100 cm) soil layer accumulates over three years of life with root and post-mowed remains of 243.6 kg / ha of nitrogen; 38.7 – P2O5; 134.3 – K2O; 102.4 kg / ha – Ca. When flat-cut (without-dump) small tillage – by 11.9; 4.9; 5.1; 10.8%, respectively, in comparison with deep plowing.

During the period from 1990 to 2016 in Ukraine, the area of grass for hay and green fodder decreased by 72.4%, in the South of the country – by 88.1%. At the same time, in the South, the inflow of biological nitrogen into the soil due to nitrogen fixation decreased from 87.7 to 10.5 thousand tons of active ingredient. These indicators in terms of value (at prices in 2016) are approximately UAH 2,383.3 million in 1990 and UAH 258.2 million – in 2016. Consequently, the energy supply to the soil decreased (from 7612.4 TJ to 824.6 TJ), which indicates a large energy loss. If in 1990, in the Southern Steppe, 9% of the area under perennial grasses was counted, in 2016 it was only 1.4% of the total sown area at a rate of 8-10%.

Herbs, especially legumes, are an integral part of the biologization of agriculture in the PP “Agroecology” in the Poltava region. Livestock is fully provided with feed of its own production. Organic products are produced.

In Latvia, the area of perennial grasses in 2011 decreased in comparison with 1990 by 44.2%, respectively. Almost half of the acreage is set aside for fodder crops: grasses, legumes (peas, vetch, fodder beans). Agricultural land occupies 13% of the country’s land, of which arable land makes up 48.5%, and 42.7% of land is set aside for hayfields, pastures, and pastures.

Latvia exports up to 70% of all beef produced to the EU countries. Changes in the structure of agricultural land are noted, because Latvia, with accession to the EU in 2004, began to receive support for the development of the national economy.

Conclusion. Perennial grasses are an important component of crop production, which provides the population with food. Failure of crop rotations, a sharp decrease in the area under the crops of these herbs in Ukraine has a negative impact on soil fertility rates.

Thanks to herbs, ecologically pure nitrogen is accumulated in the soil, which contributes to the productivity of the cultivated plants that follow them and produces ecologically pure and safe products. An urgent need is to expand the area under crops of perennial grasses in Ukraine, in order not to end up with poor soil nutrients.

Key words: perennial grasses, area of crops, biological nitrogen, soil fertility, greening of agriculture, organic products.

Reference

  1. Brazhevska, H. M. (2009). Tekhniko-tekhnolohichne zabezpechennia vyrobnytstva produktsii roslynnytstva. The Economy of Agro-Industrial Complex. 12, 49-52 [in Ukrainian].
  2. Roshchyna, Yu. V. (2011). Ob yspolzovanyy zemel selskokhoziaistvennoho naznachenyia raznыmy strukturamy y formamy khoziaistvovanyia. Visnyk ZhDTU. 3 (57), 364-367 [in Ukrainian].
  3. Porudieieva, T. V. (2008). Enerhoekonomichna otsinka sivozmin korotkoi rotatsii. The Economy of Agro-Industrial Complex. 7, 30-33 [in Ukrainian].
  4. Sytnyk, K., Bahniuk, V. (2008). Stan gruntiv i maibutnie liudstva. Visnyk of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.8, 3-27 [in Ukrainian].
  5. Chayka, T. A. (2016). Innovatsionnye tekhnologii v organicheskom zemledelii. Osnovy ratsional’nogo prirodopol’zovaniya: Materialy V mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii (pp. 322-327). Saratov: Nauka [in Russian].
  6. Bespalko, R.I., Voroniuk, Yu.Iu. (2013). Osoblyvosti ekolohizatsii vykorystannia zemel silskohospodarskoho pryznachennia. Geodezia, kartografia i aerofotos’emka. 78, 215-217. Retrieved from: http://ena.lp.edu.ua/bitstream/ntb/20091/1/38-215-217.pdf [in Ukrainian].
  7. Tkachuk, V.I. (2014). The ecological orientation of production as a priority in the process of the diversification of agrarian enterprises. // Efektyvna ekonomika. 4. Retrieved from: http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=2899 [in Ukrainian].
  8. Rybachenko, O. M., Voronetska, I. S., Sprynchuk, N. A. & KorniichukO. O. (2013). Orhanizatsiino-ekonomichni peredumovy rozvytku orhanichnoho kormovyrobnytstva v Ukraini. The Economy of Agro-Industrial Complex. 10, 33-38. [in Ukrainian].
  9. Platače, R., Tsurkan, N., Poiša, L., Adamovičs, A. & Ivanova, K. (2013). Аssessment of perennial crop areas in Latvia and Ukraine.The changing economic landscape: issues, implications and policy options : the 6th international conference (p. 97). Pula.
  10. Kuznetsov, I. Yu., Kuznetsova, A. R. (2005). Rol’ lyutserno-klevernoy travosmesi v biologizatsii zemledeliya Respubliki Bashkortostan. Agrobiotekhnologii i puti vnedreniya peredovykh biotekhnologiy v sel’skoe khozyaystvo : materialy I Respublikanskoy konferentsii Ministerstva sel’skogo khozyaystva (pp. 12-14). Ufa [in Russian].
  11. Krut, V. M., Fesenko, H. P., Alekseenko, T. S. & et al. (1995). Nauchnye osnovy ekologicheskogo zemledeliya. Kiev: Urozhay [in Russian].
  12. State Statistics Service of Ukraine (2018). Vnesennia mineralnykh ta orhanichnykh dobryv pid urozhai silskohospodarskykh kultur u 2017 rotsi. Retrieved from: www.ukrstat.gov.ua [in Ukrainian].
  13. Tsymbaliuk, V. M. (2000). Rezerv pidvyshchennia rodiuchosti gruntiv ta vedennia kormovyrobnytstva. Silskyi hospodar. 3-4, 9 [in Ukrainian].
  14. Tsurkan, N. V.,Antypova, L. K., & Ballo, V. M. (2012). Osoblyvosti ekonomichnoi ta ekolohichnoi otsinky vyroshchuvannia bahatorichnykh trav na Pivdni Ukrainy. Naukovi pratsi ChDU im. P. Mohyly. 167 (Vol. 179), 110-111 [in Ukrainian].
  15. Vasileva, V. (2012). Effect of mineral nitrogen fertilization and water-deficiency stress on chemical composition of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Proceedings of the 24th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation (pp. 391-393). Poznan: Oficyna Wydawnicza Garmond.
  16. Kvitko, H.P., Hetman, N.Ia. (2003). Azotfiksuiucha spromozhnist ta zbahachennia gruntu azotom zalezhno vid rokiv zhyttia liutserny posivnoi v umovakh Lisostepu. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. 51, 54-57 [in Ukrainian].
  17. Antypova, L. K. (2009). Vyrobnytstvo nasinnia liutserny v Stepu Ukrainy. Mykolaiv: MDAU [in Ukrainian].
  18. Lupenko, Yu.O., Mesel-Veseliak, V.Ya. (Eds.) (2012). Stratehichni napriamy rozvytku silskoho hospodarstva Ukrainy na period do 2020 roku. Kyiv: NNTs “IAE” [in Ukrainian].
  19. Kernasiuk, Yu. (2018) Rynok miasa: osnovni trendy. Ahrobiznes Sohodni. August, 10. Retrieved from: http://agro-business.com.ua/agro/ekonomichnyi-hektar/item/11153-rynok-miasa-osnovni-trendy.html [in Ukrainian].
  20. Antypova, L.K. (2008). Liutserna – universalna roslyna dlia ahrotsenoziv. Kormy i kormovyrobnytstvo. 62, 139-144 [in Ukrainian].
  21. Private Enterprise “Agroecology”. Retrieved from: http://www.agroecology.in.ua/en/company.
  22. Private Enterprise “Agroecology”. Retrieved from: http://www.agroecology.in.ua/industries [in Ukrainian].
  23. Sel’skoe khozyaystvo Latvii. Retrieved from: http://worldofscience.ru/geografija-mira/30-geografija-latvii/840-sel-skoe-hozjajstvo-latvii.html [in Russian].
  24. Myasnoe zhivotnovodstvo v Latvii: ne dlya legkoy pribyli (2015). Dienas Bizness. March, 26. Retrieved from: https://rus.db.lv/novosti/myasnoe-zhivotnovodstvo-v-latvii-ne-dlya-legkoy-pribyli-65365 [in Russian].
  25. Helzis, H., Kanevskyi, D. (2013). Latviiske svynarstvo na mezhi kolapsu. Deutsche Welle. June, 8. Retrieved from: https://m.dw.com. [in Ukrainian].