Pokoptseva L., Eremenko O., Todorova L., Nezhnova N. Formation of sunflower productivity of Euralis selection in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

UDC 633.854.78(477)

 

L. Pokoptseva,

O. Eremenko,

L. Todorova,

N. Nezhnova

 

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of productivity of sunflower of Euralis selection under the conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine.

The experiment was based on the southern black soil with the sowing of the following hybrids: Savannah, Niagara, Andromeda and Arcadia.

In eight days after the beginning of mass flowering, the morphological signs of the researched sunflower hybrids were established. It has been determined that stronger stems and larger diameters of the baskets were formed by the hybrid of the Savannah sunflower. The Niagara hybrid in terms of the stem diameter and basket diameter has been 1.12 times and 1.14 times, respectively, smaller than the Savannah hybrid. Hybrids of Andromeda and Arcadia occupied an intermediate value.

It should be noted that in terms of the plant height, the Niagara hybrid also has had the lowest values from all investigated sunflower hybrids by 25 – 36%.

The power of the assimilation apparatus is the main factor in the productivity of photosynthesis, which leads to an increase in quantitative and qualitative harvest indexes. So, in our research, the Savanna and Andromeda sunflower hybrids had the largest photosynthetic surface and by the area of the leaf surface significantly exceeded the Niagara hybrid by 36%.

One of the main structural units of the sunflower yield is the mass of seeds from one basket. On a background subzero intensity of phytomass forming by the Niagara sunflower hybrid, the index of the seed mass from one basket had a tendency to increase compared to the Arcadia and Savannah hybrids. But on quality indexes (weight of 1000 seeds and the grain-unit) the yield of this hybrid was formed less weighty. So, the index of mass of 1000 seeds of the Niagara hybrid was significantly lower than other hybrids by 28 – 61%. The Andromeda sunflower hybrid had the best values of the mass index of 1000 seeds from all the investigated hybrids. The mass of 1000 seeds of this hybrid was 68.3 g. The best value by the index of grain-unit was the Arcadia hybrid is 420.2 g / l.

At the density of standing of 48,000 plants / ha, the Andromeda sunflower hybrid had the highest yield (up to 0.27 t / ha).

For sunflower seeds of all investigated hybrids during realization of comparative estimation of research results, a ranked row has been established, which characterizes their best suitability for cultivation in the zone of the southern steppe of Ukraine. The Andromeda sunflower hybrid of the first rank =3.08 became optimal for growing in the zone of the southern steppe of Ukraine. The second rank is the Arcadia hybrid, which has been confirmed by the value of the objective function =3.83. The Savannah hybrid has had the third rank =3.99. The Niagara sunflower hybrid has shown the worst indexes over the years of research – fourth place with the value of =6.56.

Thus, taking into account the agrometeorological conditions of sunflower cultivation in the zone of the southern steppe of Ukraine, the genetic potential of hybrids and stability to adverse environmental factors, the Andromeda sunflower has become most adapted to the conditions of insufficient moisture and has provided better productivity and has formed the high seed quality.

Keywords: sunflower, hybrid, biological yield, quality, ranked range.

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Creation of the ranked row for the different hybrids of sunflower cultivated in the conditions of the steppe of Ukraine

UDC 633.854.78

L. Pokoptseva,
O. Yeremenko

Climate of the Steppe zone of Ukraine is recently characterized by substantial temperature increase, decrease of rainfalls, and their irregularity. This led to the decrease of the stock of productive moisture in the arable and meter layers of the soil, occurrence of prolonged hydrothermal stresses during critical phases of plant development, especially of the late spring crops including sunflower.
Field studies were carried out over the period 2013 2015 in the scientific-production centre of Tavria State Agrotechnological University (Melitopol district, Zaporizhzhia region, Ukraine), and laboratory studies – in the Laboratory for the Soil and Crop Production Quality (Scientific Research Institute of Agrotechnology and Ecology at TSAU). Field and mathematical-statistical methods were used.The soil of study plots was represented by chernozem containing 3.5 % of humus. Soil moisture conditions in the research years differed, both by the rainfall amount, and its uniformity.
Modern varieties and hybrids of sunflower show a pronounced response to changes in agrometeorological conditions of their growing. In recent years, significant fluctuations of hydrothermal indices between years have occurred even in the same soil and climatic locations thereby providing a significant effect on the exhibition of individual characteristics and properties of agricultural crops and, as a result, of their macrocharacteristics, including yield. This introduces the issue of increasing requirements to adaptive capacities of created varieties and hybrids of sunflower. Highly adapted varieties and hybrids are the key to a stable yield in varying agrometeorological conditions and different eco-geographical zones. The assessment of adaptive and stability capacities of seed material is a prerequisite for the selection of highly adaptive forms.
The highest crop of the studied hybrids was observed in 2015 when, in spite of the unfavourable hydrothermal index of the year, the minimum relative air humidity during the flowering period was optimal (45.8%).
Growing hybrids of different levels of intensity, genetically and biologically diverse, allows the effective exploitation of agroecological potential of different zones.

Keyword: sunflower, yield, seed volume-weight, seed emptiness, weight of 1000 seeds, the ranged row.

Creation of the ranked row for the different hybrids of sunflower cultivated in the conditions of the steppe of Ukraine.

Issue 4 (96), 2017